volume Number 10، number In Volume 3، Fall 2017 ، issue Number 37

Debate Art in Saʿdi’s Ghazals

Najmeh Nazari

Abstract
Saʿdi has been given the sobriquets of ‘The Most Eloquent Orator’ and ‘Speech Master’, and his speech has been considered as the supreme in stance of seemingly easy but impossible, challenging or daunting (i.e., Sahl-e-Momtane’). Many subtleties and mysteries in his speech style have made him worthy of these titles, including the art of dialogue and debate. His repartee and scrutatority in ghazals have created lines most of them are an instance of seemingly easy but impossible, challenging or daunting speech (i.e., Sahl-e-Momtane’). In the present study, certain lineswere selected from Saʿdi’s ghazalsin order to analyze, which represent two different views in terms of dialogue among two or more in dividuals and interior monologue .The selected samples are often Vu’qūyīēand have the capability to be analyzed in terms of content, form (language and rhetoric) and inter locutors .The dominant theme of these lines are the Saʿdi’s defense of love and aesthetics in the form of humor or argument. In these samples, the poethave employed various literary and linguistic techniques to create humor, brevity, symmetry and artistic confrontations.

Keyword
Saʿdi , ghazals , debate , style

• Haghshenas, Ali Mahjad (2003) The horizons of Saadi and Hafez poetry; Discussion on ease and refusal in poetry (collection of articles), Tehran, Agah
• Tavakoli, Hamidreza (2010) From the Signs of the Sea, Tehran, Morvarid
• Nabilo, A. (2013) A Study of Dual Contrasts in Hafez Ghazals, Quarterly Journal of Persian Language and Literature, Volume 21, Number 74, Page 69
• Hasanli, Kavous (2009) A Study of Form and Rhetorical and Linguistic Tricks in Two Different Ghazals by Saadi Shirazi (Collection of Articles), Tehran, Alam
• Mohammadi, M. (2015) Research in Saadi's personal style, Bahar Adab Quarterly, Volume 8, Number 29, Page 336
• Islami Nodoshan, Mohammad Ali (2001) Four Spokesmen of Iranian Conscience, Tehran, Qatreh
• Hoqoqi, Mohammad (2002) This is the limit, Tehran, Qatreh
• Hafez Shirazi, Shamsuddin Mohammad (1990) Divan, by Mohammad Qazvini, Tehran, Zavar
• Selden, Raman (2005) Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory, translated by Abbas Mokhber, Tehran, Tarhe now
• Shamisa, Sirus (2003) Poetry Stylistics, Tehran, Ferdows
• Movahed, Zia (2008) Saadi, Tehran:Tarh now
• Saadi, Moslehuddin (2003) Saadi's lyric poems, edited by Mohammad Ali Foroughi, Tehran, Qoqnos
• Dad, Sima (2001) Dictionary of Literary Terms, Tehran, Morvarid
• Pourjavadi, Nasrollah (2004) Literary Debate in Ancient Iran, Croatia, Zagreb
• Azkaei, P. (1990) The Origin of Literary Debates, Research in Mystical Literature (Gohargovia), Volume 1, Number 1, Page 10
• Bagheri Khalili, A. and Mahmoudi Noser, M. (2013) The meaning of question sentences in Saadi lyric poems, Bahar Adab Quarterly, Volume 6, Number 19, Page 43
• Shamisa, Sirus (2004) A New Look at Badie, Tehran, Ferdows
• Mirsadeghi, Jamal (1998) Dictionary of the Art of Fiction, Tehran, Mahnaz
• Mirsadeghi, Meymant (2009) Dictionary of Poetic Art, Tehran, Mahnaz Book